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Penetration testers are paid to attack systems with permission, to find weaknesses before someone else does. Every engagement runs inside an agreed written scope, and the deliverable is a report that explains each finding, its impact, and how to fix it.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionInformation technology, data and cybersecurity
Information security managers own an organisation's security programme rather than any single system. They set policy, direct a security team, decide which risks are accepted or funded, and answer to leadership, auditors, and regulators for those decisions.
Bachelor's degreeInformation technology, data and cybersecurity
Systems analysts sit between the people who need a system and the people who build it. They study how work is done now, specify what a system must do, and check that what gets delivered actually solves the original problem.
Bachelor's degreeInformation technology, data and cybersecurity
Embedded software developers write the code that runs inside physical products, from appliances and vehicles to medical and industrial equipment. Memory, power, and timing are tight, and testing usually means working with real hardware on a bench.
Bachelor's degreeInformation technology, data and cybersecurity
IT managers run the teams and services that keep an organisation's technology working. The job is mostly people, budgets, suppliers, and priorities rather than hands-on technical work, though a technical background is usually what gets someone there.
Bachelor's degreeInformation technology, data and cybersecurity
Advises clients on their legal rights and obligations, prepares the documents that give effect to a decision, and represents clients in negotiations, tribunals, and court. Practice areas differ widely, so two lawyers can do work that looks almost nothing alike.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice
Conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state rather than a private client. The role combines file assessment, disclosure duties, and courtroom advocacy, and carries an obligation to act fairly rather than simply to win.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice
A lawyer employed by an organization rather than by a law firm, advising the business on contracts, regulation, employment, and disputes. Much of the work is preventive: shaping a decision before it becomes a legal problem.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice
Presides over hearings and trials, rules on procedure and evidence, applies the law to the facts found, and delivers decisions with reasons. The work demands visible impartiality, because the reasoning has to persuade the losing side that it was heard.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice
A judicial officer whose powers sit below those of a judge: typically issuing warrants and summonses, presiding over bail hearings, receiving sworn documents, and hearing certain minor matters. The exact scope of the office varies a great deal between jurisdictions.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Carries out substantive legal work under a lawyer's supervision, and in a few jurisdictions within an independent licensed scope. The work is close to a lawyer's day: research, drafting, client contact, and running the mechanics of a file.
Certificate or college diplomaLaw, compliance and justice
Keeps a lawyer's or paralegal's files, documents, and calendar moving. The role overlaps with paralegal work in some offices, but generally involves less independent legal analysis and more document and process handling.
Certificate or college diplomaLaw, compliance and justice
Researches legal issues and drafts memoranda and draft reasons, most often for a judge and sometimes for senior counsel. Note that in parts of Canada the same title is used for a regulated firm-based support role closer to paralegal work.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Keeps the official record of what happens in a courtroom and manages the files, exhibits, and filings that pass through the registry. Much of the public's contact with the court system happens across this counter.
Certificate or college diplomaLaw, compliance and justice
Captures a word-for-word record of legal proceedings using stenography, voice writing, or digital recording, then produces certified transcripts from it. Accuracy matters absolutely, because appeals are argued from this record.
Certificate or college diplomaLaw, compliance and justice
Renders speech between languages in hearings, examinations, and legal meetings so that a party can follow and participate. The interpreter conveys meaning, register, and hesitation faithfully, and does not explain, soften, or advise.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Witnesses signatures, administers oaths and affirmations, and certifies copies and declarations so that documents are accepted as genuine elsewhere. Scope varies enormously: in some places it is a narrow witnessing power, in others a full profession handling conveyancing and estates.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Finds, analyses, and summarises legislation, case law, and commentary for lawyers, courts, law reform bodies, or publishers. The output is usually a memorandum that states not just what the law is but how confident the answer can be.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Helps an organization meet the laws, regulations, and internal rules that apply to it, by writing the rules down, checking whether people follow them, and reporting when they do not. The role sits awkwardly between advising the business and holding it to account.
Prepares and manages the submissions that let a regulated product reach the market and stay there. Common in medicines, medical devices, food, chemicals, and financial products, the role translates technical evidence into what a regulator asks for.
Owns how an organization collects, uses, shares, and protects personal information. The work mixes legal interpretation, process design, and incident response, and often means telling a project that the data it wants cannot be used the way it hoped.
Reviews, drafts, and tracks contracts across their whole life, from first draft through renewal or exit. The value of the role is largely in catching the clause nobody read and in knowing which obligations fall due next month.
A neutral third party who helps people in conflict talk to each other and look for an agreement they can both live with. The mediator runs the process but does not decide the outcome, which is what separates the role from arbitration.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
A private decision-maker appointed by the parties to hear a dispute and issue a binding award. The role looks judicial but sits on the parties' agreement, so procedure is more flexible and the reasoning still has to withstand scrutiny.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice