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Urban and regional planners assess how land should be used and shape the policies and permissions that govern development. They review planning applications, write policy and zoning documents, and weigh housing, transport, environment, and heritage considerations against each other. The work involves a lot of evidence gathering, report writing, and public consultation, and decisions are often contested.
Bachelor's degreeArchitecture, construction and infrastructure
Quantity surveyors manage the money and contract side of a construction project, from early cost advice through tendering, valuations, variations, and final account. They may act for the client or for the contractor, and the two roles negotiate against each other. The work is contractual and numerical, with regular site measurement and progress assessment.
Bachelor's degreeArchitecture, construction and infrastructure
Health and safety coordinators on construction projects assess site hazards, write and check safe work procedures, and audit whether the site actually follows them. They investigate incidents and near misses and run inductions and training. The role needs the confidence to stop unsafe work and the credibility with trades to be listened to.
Certificate or college diplomaArchitecture, construction and infrastructure
Building inspectors check that construction work complies with the building code and the approved drawings, visiting sites at defined stages such as foundations, framing, and services. They also review submitted plans and issue or withhold approvals. The job carries public-safety responsibility and often involves telling people their work has to be redone.
Certificate or college diplomaArchitecture, construction and infrastructure
Code enforcement officers deal with work and buildings that are already out of compliance: unpermitted construction, unsafe structures, and breaches of local building bylaws. They investigate complaints, gather evidence, issue notices and orders, and follow cases through to compliance or prosecution. Much of the difficulty is procedural and interpersonal rather than technical.
Certificate or college diplomaArchitecture, construction and infrastructure
UX researchers plan and run studies that tell a product team what people actually do and where they get stuck. Methods range from moderated interviews and usability tests to surveys and analysis of behavioural data, and the output is evidence a team can act on rather than opinion.
Bachelor's degreeArts, design, media and communications
Actors interpret written characters for stage, screen, radio, voice work, and commercials, under a director. Work is usually project-based and won through auditions, so preparation, self-tape technique, and persistence matter as much as the performance itself.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionArts, design, media and communications
Broadcast journalists research, write, and present news and current affairs for radio, television, and streaming outlets. The job runs to hard transmission times, so verifying a claim quickly and writing clearly for the ear are core skills.
Bachelor's degreeArts, design, media and communications
Journalists find, check, and write stories for newspapers, magazines, websites, and wire services. Much of the work is unglamorous: building contacts, reading documents, chasing responses, and making sure every claim can be stood up before publication.
Bachelor's degreeArts, design, media and communications
Copywriters write the words that sell, explain, or persuade: adverts, websites, emails, product pages, scripts, and campaign lines. Strong copy starts from a proposition and an audience rather than a blank page, so briefing and research take up much of the job.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionArts, design, media and communications
Technical writers turn complex products and procedures into documentation people can actually follow: user guides, API references, help centres, and standard operating procedures. The job depends on interviewing experts, testing the steps yourself, and structuring information so it can be found.
Bachelor's degreeArts, design, media and communications
Copy editors correct and improve written material before it is published: grammar, spelling, consistency, structure, and factual sense. They apply a house style, query anything that looks wrong, and protect the publication from avoidable errors.
Bachelor's degreeArts, design, media and communications
Communications officers produce and coordinate an organisation's own messages - newsletters, intranet posts, web copy, reports, and announcements - for staff and external audiences. In public bodies and charities the role usually also covers plain-language guidance, accessibility, and a record of what was said when.
Bachelor's degreeArts, design, media and communications
Translators convert written material from one language into another so that it reads naturally and means the same thing. Specialisms differ sharply: legal, medical, technical, marketing, and literary translation each carry their own terminology and their own risks.
Bachelor's degreeArts, design, media and communications
Interpreters convey spoken or signed communication between languages in real time, in courts, hospitals, conferences, and community settings. The work requires accuracy under pressure, strict impartiality, and confidentiality, often with no chance to look anything up.
Bachelor's degreeArts, design, media and communications
Curators research, develop, and interpret a museum or gallery collection, and shape what is acquired, displayed, and how it is explained. The role combines subject scholarship with cataloguing, care of objects, exhibition planning, and public engagement.
Postgraduate or professional degreeArts, design, media and communications
Human resources generalists handle the full range of employment matters for a group of staff: recruitment support, onboarding, policy questions, absence, performance issues, and record-keeping. The work requires discretion, because much of it involves sensitive personal circumstances. Advice has to be grounded in the employer's policy and the applicable employment framework rather than personal opinion.
Bachelor's degreeBusiness, consulting and entrepreneurship
Human resources managers lead the HR function for an organisation or division, setting policy, overseeing the HR team, and advising senior leaders on workforce decisions. They carry responsibility for the harder cases: restructures, complex disputes, and compliance with employment obligations. The role balances employee interests against organisational constraints, and both sides notice which way it leans.
Bachelor's degreeBusiness, consulting and entrepreneurship
Learning and development specialists work out what employees need to be able to do, then design and deliver the training that closes the gap. The role spans needs analysis, course and material design, facilitation, and evaluating whether the learning changed anything in practice. Some of the job is persuading managers that training is not the answer to every problem.
Bachelor's degreeBusiness, consulting and entrepreneurship
Social workers assess what is going wrong in someone's life (safety, housing, health, income, family conflict), and build a plan and a set of services around it. Most of the job is interviewing, judgement made on incomplete information, and detailed written records that other agencies and sometimes courts rely on. Progress with a client is usually gradual and partial rather than tidy.
Bachelor's degreeCommunity, social and public services
Case managers hold a caseload of clients and keep each person's plan moving across the services they need. Rather than delivering therapy or care directly, the job is assessment, referral, chasing other agencies, and documenting what was agreed and what actually happened. Much of the day is spent on the phone, in shared systems, and in review meetings.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionCommunity, social and public services
Addictions counsellors work with people using substances or struggling with behavioural addictions, through assessment, individual sessions, and group programmes. The work follows structured approaches such as motivational interviewing and relapse-prevention planning, alongside coordination with medical, housing, and justice services. Relapse is a normal part of the caseload rather than a failure of the work.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionCommunity, social and public services
Mental health counsellors deliver talking therapy to individuals and groups, working within a recognised modality and a formal ethical framework. The role involves assessment, treatment planning, session work, and careful clinical notes, plus knowing when a client needs a psychiatrist, physician, or crisis service instead. Sitting with distress week after week is the substance of the job.
Postgraduate or professional degreeCommunity, social and public services
Employment counsellors help people find and keep work: clarifying goals, fixing résumés and interview technique, and connecting clients to training, subsidies, or employers. Many clients face barriers well beyond the job search, so the work involves referrals to other services as much as career advice. Programme eligibility rules and outcome reporting shape a large part of the role.
Certificate or college diplomaCommunity, social and public services
