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Advises clients on their legal rights and obligations, prepares the documents that give effect to a decision, and represents clients in negotiations, tribunals, and court. Practice areas differ widely, so two lawyers can do work that looks almost nothing alike.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice
Conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state rather than a private client. The role combines file assessment, disclosure duties, and courtroom advocacy, and carries an obligation to act fairly rather than simply to win.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice
A lawyer employed by an organization rather than by a law firm, advising the business on contracts, regulation, employment, and disputes. Much of the work is preventive: shaping a decision before it becomes a legal problem.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice
Presides over hearings and trials, rules on procedure and evidence, applies the law to the facts found, and delivers decisions with reasons. The work demands visible impartiality, because the reasoning has to persuade the losing side that it was heard.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice
A judicial officer whose powers sit below those of a judge: typically issuing warrants and summonses, presiding over bail hearings, receiving sworn documents, and hearing certain minor matters. The exact scope of the office varies a great deal between jurisdictions.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Carries out substantive legal work under a lawyer's supervision, and in a few jurisdictions within an independent licensed scope. The work is close to a lawyer's day: research, drafting, client contact, and running the mechanics of a file.
Certificate or college diplomaLaw, compliance and justice
Researches legal issues and drafts memoranda and draft reasons, most often for a judge and sometimes for senior counsel. Note that in parts of Canada the same title is used for a regulated firm-based support role closer to paralegal work.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Finds, analyses, and summarises legislation, case law, and commentary for lawyers, courts, law reform bodies, or publishers. The output is usually a memorandum that states not just what the law is but how confident the answer can be.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Helps an organization meet the laws, regulations, and internal rules that apply to it, by writing the rules down, checking whether people follow them, and reporting when they do not. The role sits awkwardly between advising the business and holding it to account.
Prepares and manages the submissions that let a regulated product reach the market and stay there. Common in medicines, medical devices, food, chemicals, and financial products, the role translates technical evidence into what a regulator asks for.
Owns how an organization collects, uses, shares, and protects personal information. The work mixes legal interpretation, process design, and incident response, and often means telling a project that the data it wants cannot be used the way it hoped.
Reviews, drafts, and tracks contracts across their whole life, from first draft through renewal or exit. The value of the role is largely in catching the clause nobody read and in knowing which obligations fall due next month.
A neutral third party who helps people in conflict talk to each other and look for an agreement they can both live with. The mediator runs the process but does not decide the outcome, which is what separates the role from arbitration.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
A private decision-maker appointed by the parties to hear a dispute and issue a binding award. The role looks judicial but sits on the parties' agreement, so procedure is more flexible and the reasoning still has to withstand scrutiny.
Varies by employer or jurisdictionLaw, compliance and justice
Supervises people released from custody on parole or conditional release, and prepares the assessments a releasing board relies on. Reintegration support and risk management run side by side throughout the role.
Drafts patent applications from an inventor's technical disclosure and argues them through examination at a patent office. The role sits between engineering and law: the claims have to describe the invention precisely and survive legal challenge.
Postgraduate or professional degreeLaw, compliance and justice