Learn by Novus · Open practice pack v1

Problem solving: multi-step reasoning in depth: open practice pack: worked explanations

100 untimed questions across 10 authored sections.

This is untimed educational practice for one cognitive skill. It is not a clinical, diagnostic, employment, or professionally recognized assessment, and it does not produce an IQ score or credential.

Worked explanations

problem-solving-s01-q01

The next joint restock day is the least common multiple of 2, 3, and 4, which is 12.

problem-solving-s01-q02

16 of 40 small boxes uses 40% of the space, leaving 60% free: 60% of 25 large boxes = 15.

problem-solving-s01-q03

With 4 distinct digits and no repeats, this is 4! = 24 arrangements.

problem-solving-s01-q04

Item A lasts 40 ÷ 8 = 5 days; Item B lasts 40 ÷ 5 = 8 days. A runs out 3 days sooner.

problem-solving-s01-q05

Multiply the independent choices: 4 × 3 × 2 = 24.

problem-solving-s01-q06

Priya must be in seat 2 or 3. If Priya were in seat 3, Sam would be in seat 2, forcing Yuki into seat 1, which is excluded. So Priya is in seat 2, Sam in seat 1, Marcus in seat 4, and Yuki in seat 3.

problem-solving-s01-q07

Work out the total first: 2 × £9 + £6 = £24. Then subtract from the payment: £30 − £24 = £6.

problem-solving-s01-q08

All four crates total 650 kg: 50 kg over the limit. Removing the lightest crate that clears the excess (120 kg) leaves 530 kg, the heaviest legal load.

problem-solving-s01-q09

Two boxes hold 80 tea bags, and 80 ÷ 25 = 3.2, so only 3 complete weeks are covered before the supply runs short.

problem-solving-s01-q10

List the departures: 09:00, 09:15, 09:30, 09:45, 10:00. Arriving at 09:50, the next bus is at 10:00. A 10-minute wait.

problem-solving-s02-q01

The ratio has 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 parts, so one part is £45 ÷ 9 = £5. The middle share is 3 parts: £15.

problem-solving-s02-q02

Divide the total by the rate: 300 ÷ 12 = 25 minutes.

problem-solving-s02-q03

The mix has 1 + 4 = 5 equal parts, so each part is 2,000 ÷ 5 = 400 ml, and concentrate is exactly one part.

problem-solving-s02-q04

Halving the workforce doubles the time when rates are equal: 6 × 2 = 12 hours.

problem-solving-s02-q05

250 km is 2.5 blocks of 100 km, so fuel scales the same way: 6 × 2.5 = 15 litres.

problem-solving-s02-q06

Standard pay is 35 × £14 = £490. The overtime rate is £21 per hour, adding 4 × £21 = £84, for £574 in total.

problem-solving-s02-q07

6 cm × 50,000 = 300,000 cm. Converting units step by step: 300,000 cm = 3,000 m = 3 km.

problem-solving-s02-q08

Find the per-person amount first: 300 ÷ 4 = 75 g. Then scale up: 75 × 10 = 750 g.

problem-solving-s02-q09

A 2 : 1 split makes 3 equal parts of £40 each; the younger grandchild gets one part.

problem-solving-s02-q10

The rate is 90 ÷ 45 = 2 litres per minute, so 30 minutes delivers 60 litres, leaving 90 − 60 = 30 litres to go.

problem-solving-s03-q01

Reverse the steps in reverse order: subtract 7 (31 − 7 = 24), then halve (24 ÷ 2 = 12).

problem-solving-s03-q02

Undo the last step first: before the coffee he had £6 + £4 = £10, which was half his money, so he started with £20.

problem-solving-s03-q03

Reverse each operation: add 5 back (7 + 5 = 12), then multiply by 3 (12 × 3 = 36).

problem-solving-s03-q04

The sale price is 80% of the original, so divide rather than add: £48 ÷ 0.8 = £60. Adding 20% of £48 back is the classic trap. Percentages of different bases are not interchangeable.

problem-solving-s03-q05

Work backwards by halving: half covered on day 11, a quarter covered on day 10.

problem-solving-s03-q06

Cara's 6 sweets were what remained after two halvings, i.e. a quarter of the jar, so the jar held 6 × 4 = 24.

problem-solving-s03-q07

Subtract the journey from the arrival: 14:20 − 2:45 = 11:35 actual departure. It left 10 minutes late, so the schedule said 11:25.

problem-solving-s03-q08

The new salary is 110% of the old one, so divide: £22,000 ÷ 1.1 = £20,000. Subtracting 10% of the new figure gives the wrong base.

problem-solving-s03-q09

Double once per round going backwards: 4 → 8 → 16 → 32 teams at the start.

problem-solving-s03-q10

Total pages printed = 340 + 340 + 195 = 875. Undo the day's printing: 5,230 − 875 = 4,355.

problem-solving-s04-q01

With lockers 2 and 3 assigned, elimination leaves only locker 1 for Finn.

problem-solving-s04-q02

Chain the clues into one order: Fatima before Dev before Eli, with Gus last, so the full order is Fatima, Dev, Eli, Gus.

problem-solving-s04-q03

One constraint removes rye and another removes white, leaving brown as the only workable option.

problem-solving-s04-q04

The violin is taken by Raj and the drums are ruled out for Kim, so the piano is the only instrument left for her.

problem-solving-s04-q05

Apply the clues in order: the second digit is 3, so the first is 6, and the third is 6 + 3 = 9, giving 639.

problem-solving-s04-q06

Number 5 is at the end of the lane, so its only neighbour is number 4. The red house must be there.

problem-solving-s04-q07

Linking the comparisons gives one chain: Tara, Uma, Vik, Wren from oldest to youngest. Uma sits second.

problem-solving-s04-q08

Starting with 4 eliminates 2144 and 1442; needing an odd final digit then eliminates 4412, leaving 4421.

problem-solving-s04-q09

With the cookbook fixed in position 4, the atlas–dictionary pair fits at positions 1–2 or 2–3. The second option forces the biography into position 1, which is forbidden, so the atlas is first.

problem-solving-s04-q10

Test each possibility against the 'exactly one true statement' condition. Only if Carl is responsible is a single statement true (Ben's denial); every other candidate makes two or more statements true.

problem-solving-s05-q01

Each term is double the previous term plus 1, so the next is 47 × 2 + 1 = 95.

problem-solving-s05-q02

Doubling 24 should give 48, not 45, and doubling 48 would correctly give 96, confirming 45 is the misfit.

problem-solving-s05-q03

Track whose turn it is: the last step was a subtraction, so the next is an addition, 11 + 4 = 15.

problem-solving-s05-q04

Each letter shifts forward by one place in the alphabet, so L, E, M, O, N become M, F, N, P, O.

problem-solving-s05-q05

These are the square numbers 1², 2², 3², …, the missing term is 5² = 25.

problem-solving-s05-q06

Apply the stated rule to the last two terms: 18 + 29 = 47.

problem-solving-s05-q07

The cycle has length 4, and 11 = 4 × 2 + 3, so the 11th shape matches the 3rd in the cycle: moon.

problem-solving-s05-q08

Each output is double the input plus 3 (check: 2 × 6 + 3 = 15), so 12 maps to 2 × 12 + 3 = 27.

problem-solving-s05-q09

The gaps grow by one each time: +1, +2, +3, +4, +5. The next gap is +6, giving 18 + 6 = 24.

problem-solving-s05-q10

Applying the rule to 9 gives 18 − (1 + 8) = 9 again, so 9 is a fixed point. Once reached, the sequence never changes.

problem-solving-s06-q01

Add the work and the break together: 3 hours 20 minutes after 15:30 is 18:50.

problem-solving-s06-q02

The stages are strictly sequential: 50 + 70 = 120 minutes, and two hours after 10:15 is 12:15.

problem-solving-s06-q03

Chop for 10 minutes, then start the 30-minute simmer and boil the pasta during it. Only the chopping and simmering lie on the critical path: 10 + 30 = 40 minutes.

problem-solving-s06-q04

A ends at 09:45; adding the 15-minute changeover lets B start at 10:00 and finish 45 minutes later, at 10:45.

problem-solving-s06-q05

From 08:00 to 18:00 is 600 minutes, which holds 600 ÷ 40 = 15 gaps between crossings, but counting both endpoints gives 15 + 1 = 16 crossings.

problem-solving-s06-q06

Drafting occupies this week's Tuesday, so the earliest available review slot is the following Tuesday, and publishing takes the day after, Wednesday of the following week.

problem-solving-s06-q07

Combine the walk and the margin: 35 minutes before 17:12 is 16:37.

problem-solving-s06-q08

They coincide at the least common multiple of 8 and 12 minutes, which is 24, so at 09:24.

problem-solving-s06-q09

After P's 3 days, Q and R run in parallel, so only the longer of the two matters: 3 + max(2, 4) = 7 days.

problem-solving-s06-q10

The morning block (09:00–12:00) is 180 minutes, fitting 9 appointments; the afternoon block (12:30–14:30) is 120 minutes, fitting 6, a total of 15.

problem-solving-s07-q01

Convert both to a unit price: £1.50 ÷ 6 = 25p per egg against £2.30 ÷ 10 = 23p per egg. Shop B wins.

problem-solving-s07-q02

Set the costs equal: £12 + £2 per GB matches £20 when the data charge is £8, i.e. at 4 GB.

problem-solving-s07-q03

Hourly parking costs £7.50 for 3 hours but £10 for 4 hours, so from 4 hours onward the £9 day ticket is cheaper.

problem-solving-s07-q04

Check each total against the limit: 9 + 7 = 16 kg uses the capacity exactly, while 7 + 6 + 4 = 17 kg is over and the rest carry less.

problem-solving-s07-q05

Work out each saving on the actual order value: 15% of £70 is £10.50, which beats the flat £10.

problem-solving-s07-q06

All the options use the same perimeter, so compare areas: the closer the sides are to equal, the larger the area, and 6 × 6 = 36 m² beats 35, 32, and 20.

problem-solving-s07-q07

Apply the hard constraint before comparing costs: only driving arrives within 45 minutes, so cost never comes into play.

problem-solving-s07-q08

Match the quantities first: 800 pages needs two singles at £36, so the £30 twin pack saves £6.

problem-solving-s07-q09

Use the deal as many times as possible: two 3-for-£2 bundles cover 6 cupcakes for £4, plus one single at 80p makes £4.80.

problem-solving-s07-q10

Count the gaps as well as the talks: 4 × 20 = 80 minutes of talks plus 3 × 5 = 15 minutes of breaks totals 95 minutes, 5 more than the slot allows.

problem-solving-s08-q01

Each unit takes 2 + 3 + 1 = 6 minutes from start to finish, so 5 units take 5 × 6 = 30 minutes.

problem-solving-s08-q02

Work with the net rate: 8 − 3 = 5 litres per minute, so 100 ÷ 5 = 20 minutes.

problem-solving-s08-q03

Three approvals take 3 × 2 = 6 days, and there are only 2 handovers between 3 approvers, adding 2 more days: 8 in total.

problem-solving-s08-q04

Apply fee then doubling, twice: (30 − 10) × 2 = 40, then (40 − 10) × 2 = 60. The order of operations within each level matters.

problem-solving-s08-q05

Take the percentages of the surviving quantity each time: 200 → 180 after the first check, then 5% of 180 (9 parts) fail, leaving 171.

problem-solving-s08-q06

Year one: £100 × 1.05 = £105. Year two starts with £105 + £100 = £205, which grows to £205 × 1.05 = £215.25: interest compounds on the running balance, not just the deposits.

problem-solving-s08-q07

Chain the percentages: 60% of 400 kg is 240 kg of paper, and 75% of that survives contamination checks, 0.75 × 240 = 180 kg.

problem-solving-s08-q08

The first two legs total exactly 4 minutes (1:55 + 2:05), leaving anything under 2 minutes for the final leg.

problem-solving-s08-q09

Follow the funnel stage by stage: 1,000 → 400 opens → 60 clicks → 30 sign-ups. Each percentage applies to the previous stage's result, not the original total.

problem-solving-s08-q10

Running 08:00–10:00 gives 60 widgets, then cleaning lasts until 10:15. From 10:15 to 12:00 is 105 minutes at 2 minutes per widget, 52 complete widgets, for 112 in total.

problem-solving-s09-q01

Independent choices multiply rather than add: 3 × 4 = 12 different lunches.

problem-solving-s09-q02

Three positions filled by three distinct letters gives 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 arrangements.

problem-solving-s09-q03

Plan for the worst case: the first two socks could be one of each colour, but a third sock must match one of them. There are only two colours.

problem-solving-s09-q04

List the outcomes that satisfy both conditions: 4, 6, and 8: three of the eight equally likely sectors, so 3/8.

problem-solving-s09-q05

Each of the 4 people shakes 3 hands, but that counts every handshake twice: 4 × 3 ÷ 2 = 6.

problem-solving-s09-q06

There are 5 × 4 = 20 ordered picks, but a committee ignores order, so halve it: 10 distinct pairs.

problem-solving-s09-q07

Use the complement: the chance of green is 3/10, so the chance of not-green is 1 − 3/10 = 7/10.

problem-solving-s09-q08

Fill the positions one at a time: 4 choices, then 3, then 2, giving 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 numbers.

problem-solving-s09-q09

Count ordered outcomes over the 36 possible rolls: 1+3, 2+2, and 3+1 give a total of 4, so the probability is 3/36 = 1/12.

problem-solving-s09-q10

Each floor contributes an independent two-way choice, so the possibilities multiply: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 distinct groups.

problem-solving-s10-q01

Group the books in sixes: three groups cover 18 books while paying for only 15, and the last 2 books are paid in full, 17 paid × £8 = £136.

problem-solving-s10-q02

When two movers approach each other their speeds add: the gap closes at 30 km/h, so 60 km takes 2 hours.

problem-solving-s10-q03

Split the job into phases: the first 20 minutes drain 80 litres, leaving 160; the combined rate of 10 litres per minute then takes 16 more minutes, for 36 in total.

problem-solving-s10-q04

Avoid double-counting the overlap: coffee or tea drinkers number 22 + 17 − 9 = 30, so 40 − 30 = 10 drink neither.

problem-solving-s10-q05

By 10:30 the first train is 45 km ahead. The second closes that gap at 120 − 90 = 30 km/h, taking 1.5 hours, so it catches up at 12:00.

problem-solving-s10-q06

Let the son's age be s, so Anya is 3s. In 12 years: 3s + 12 = 2(s + 12), which solves to s = 12.

problem-solving-s10-q07

Reversing changes the value by 9 times the digit difference, so the digits differ by 27 ÷ 9 = 3. Together with a digit sum of 9, the digits are 3 and 6, and the reversal must grow, so the number is 36.

problem-solving-s10-q08

Express everyone in terms of Lee's share x: Kai pays 2x and Jo pays 2x + 60, so 5x + 60 = 900 gives x = £168, and Kai pays 2 × £168 = £336.

problem-solving-s10-q09

Pack to the limit: the lorry plus two cars is exactly 5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 8 tonnes for crossing one, leaving the van and the last car (4 tonnes) for crossing two.

problem-solving-s10-q10

With r correct answers there are 20 − r wrong ones, so 4r − (20 − r) = 55. That simplifies to 5r = 75, giving r = 15.