Deductive reasoning: full practice bank: open practice pack: learner worksheet

1. deductive-reasoning-s01-q01

All the lamps in the Harbourside showroom are fitted with LED bulbs. The desk lamp on the corner table is in the Harbourside showroom. Which conclusion follows with certainty?

1. The desk lamp is fitted with an LED bulb.
2. Only desk lamps are fitted with LED bulbs.
3. Every LED bulb in the town is in the showroom.
4. Nothing can be concluded about the desk lamp.

Answer:

2. deductive-reasoning-s01-q02

All the tools in the blue cabinet are calibrated monthly. All monthly-calibrated tools carry a dated sticker. What follows about the tools in the blue cabinet?

1. They are all due for repair.
2. They all carry a dated sticker.
3. Only they carry dated stickers.
4. Some of them carry no sticker.

Answer:

3. deductive-reasoning-s01-q03

All the novels on the top shelf are hardbacks. The book Rina is holding is a hardback. What can be concluded?

1. Rina's book came from the top shelf.
2. Rina's book did not come from the top shelf.
3. Rina's book may or may not have come from the top shelf.
4. Every hardback in the building is on the top shelf.

Answer:

4. deductive-reasoning-s01-q04

All apprentices at the Ferryhill yard wear steel-capped boots. Some people wearing steel-capped boots at the yard are visiting inspectors. Which statement is safe to accept?

1. Some visiting inspectors are apprentices.
2. No visiting inspector is an apprentice.
3. All visiting inspectors are apprentices.
4. Whether any apprentice is a visiting inspector remains unsettled.

Answer:

5. deductive-reasoning-s01-q05

All the seeds in packet R germinate within ten days. Packet R was emptied into tray 4, and nothing else was planted there. What follows about tray 4?

1. Every seed in tray 4 germinates within ten days.
2. Some seeds in tray 4 take longer than ten days.
3. Tray 4 also contains seeds from another packet.
4. Nothing at all can be said about tray 4.

Answer:

6. deductive-reasoning-s01-q06

Every parcel accepted at the Whitcombe depot has a barcode label. The parcel Devon is holding has no barcode label. What follows?

1. It was accepted at the Whitcombe depot.
2. It was not accepted at the Whitcombe depot.
3. It will be accepted tomorrow instead.
4. Nothing follows about the parcel.

Answer:

7. deductive-reasoning-s01-q07

All the recipes in Chapter 2 use butter. None of the recipes in Chapter 5 uses butter. What follows?

1. The Chapter 5 recipes use oil instead.
2. Some Chapter 5 recipes also appear in Chapter 2.
3. No recipe appears in both Chapter 2 and Chapter 5.
4. Chapter 2 contains more recipes than Chapter 5.

Answer:

8. deductive-reasoning-s01-q08

Consider this incomplete argument: "All the coaches at the Stanmore club hold a first-aid certificate, therefore Ivo holds a first-aid certificate." Which additional statement would make the argument valid?

1. Ivo is a coach at the Stanmore club.
2. Ivo has been involved with the club for two years.
3. Some coaches at the club hold a first-aid certificate.
4. Everyone with a first-aid certificate coaches at the club.

Answer:

9. deductive-reasoning-s01-q09

All the mugs on the trolley are chipped. There are eight mugs on the trolley. Which statement must be true?

1. The café owns no unchipped mugs.
2. Exactly one of the eight mugs is chipped.
3. Each of the eight mugs is chipped.
4. The trolley also holds some unchipped mugs.

Answer:

10. deductive-reasoning-s01-q10

All members of the Ashlyn quartet play a stringed instrument. All students who play a stringed instrument have a locker in the west corridor. Petra has a locker in the west corridor. What follows about Petra?

1. She is a member of the Ashlyn quartet.
2. She plays a stringed instrument.
3. She is not a member of the Ashlyn quartet.
4. None of these conclusions is guaranteed.

Answer:

11. deductive-reasoning-s02-q01

No member of the Cranleigh reading group has read the new Ferris novel. Owen has read the new Ferris novel. What follows?

1. Owen has read every Ferris novel.
2. Owen is not a member of the Cranleigh reading group.
3. Owen joined the group only recently.
4. Nothing follows about Owen.

Answer:

12. deductive-reasoning-s02-q02

Some of the boxes in the loft contain photographs. Some of the boxes in the loft contain records. What follows?

1. No box holds both photographs and records.
2. At least one box holds both photographs and records.
3. Most of the boxes hold photographs.
4. No conclusion about overlap is justified.

Answer:

13. deductive-reasoning-s02-q03

A caretaker reports: "Not all the chairs in the hall are stackable." Which statement says exactly the same thing?

1. At least one chair in the hall is not stackable.
2. No chair in the hall is stackable.
3. Exactly one chair in the hall is stackable.
4. Most of the chairs in the hall are stackable.

Answer:

14. deductive-reasoning-s02-q04

No reptile in the collection is nocturnal. Some animals in the collection are nocturnal. What follows?

1. The collection contains no reptiles at all.
2. Every nocturnal animal in the region is in the collection.
3. At least one animal in the collection is not a reptile.
4. Some reptiles in the collection are nocturnal.

Answer:

15. deductive-reasoning-s02-q05

Some of the volunteers at the shelter are trained in first aid. No one trained in first aid works the night shift. What follows?

1. No volunteer works the night shift.
2. At least one volunteer does not work the night shift.
3. All the night-shift workers are volunteers.
4. Nothing follows from these two statements.

Answer:

16. deductive-reasoning-s02-q06

No van in the Fairhaven fleet runs on diesel. All the vans used for the airport contract belong to the Fairhaven fleet. What follows about the airport-contract vans?

1. Some of them run on diesel.
2. They all run on electricity.
3. Nothing can be said about their fuel.
4. None of them runs on diesel.

Answer:

17. deductive-reasoning-s02-q07

Some of the cheeses on the board are unpasteurised. All unpasteurised cheeses on the board are marked with a red dot. What follows?

1. At least one cheese on the board carries a red dot.
2. Every cheese on the board carries a red dot.
3. Only unpasteurised cheeses carry red dots.
4. No pasteurised cheese is on the board.

Answer:

18. deductive-reasoning-s02-q08

At the Tolworth registry, no unsigned form is ever filed. Rowena's form has been filed. What follows?

1. Rowena's form was filed in error.
2. Rowena's form may or may not have been signed.
3. Rowena's form was signed.
4. Nothing follows until we know who signed it.

Answer:

19. deductive-reasoning-s02-q09

Two claims are made about the same shelf: "All the jars on the shelf are sealed" and "Some jars on the shelf are not sealed." What can be concluded?

1. Both claims can be true at the same time.
2. The two claims cannot both be true.
3. Both claims must be false.
4. The second claim proves the first.

Answer:

20. deductive-reasoning-s02-q10

No item marked "sample" is for sale. Some items on the rear table are marked "sample". Some items on the rear table are for sale. Which statement is consistent with all three facts?

1. Every item on the rear table is marked "sample".
2. No item on the rear table is for sale.
3. All the items for sale are marked "sample".
4. The rear table holds at least two different items.

Answer:

21. deductive-reasoning-s03-q01

If the fire alarm is tested, the reception desk is notified in advance. The fire alarm was tested this morning. What follows?

1. The reception desk was notified in advance.
2. The reception desk was not notified.
3. The alarm test was cancelled.
4. Nothing follows about the reception desk.

Answer:

22. deductive-reasoning-s03-q02

If a book is overdue, a reminder is sent to the borrower. No reminder was sent to Halima. What follows about Halima's book?

1. It is overdue.
2. It is not overdue.
3. It was returned earlier today.
4. Nothing follows about it.

Answer:

23. deductive-reasoning-s03-q03

If the temperature in the store room rises above 8°C, the monitoring system logs an alert. The system logged no alert overnight. What follows?

1. The temperature did not rise above 8°C overnight.
2. The temperature rose above 8°C overnight.
3. The monitoring system was switched off.
4. The temperature stayed below 4°C.

Answer:

24. deductive-reasoning-s03-q04

If a shipment clears customs, it is loaded onto the Thursday lorry. This shipment cleared customs on Tuesday. What follows?

1. It cleared customs because it was loaded.
2. It was not loaded onto the Thursday lorry.
3. It was loaded onto the Thursday lorry.
4. It missed the Thursday lorry.

Answer:

25. deductive-reasoning-s03-q05

Take these two statements as given: "If the valve is open, the gauge reads above zero" and "the gauge reads zero". Someone concludes that the valve is not open. Which description of that reasoning is correct?

1. It is faulty, because it confuses a cause with its effect.
2. It is sound: denying the stated result forces denial of the condition.
3. It is faulty, because the gauge might be broken.
4. It works only if the gauge is the sole indicator on the system.

Answer:

26. deductive-reasoning-s03-q06

A site rule states: if a visitor enters the workshop, they must sign the day book. Farrah entered the workshop this morning. Which statement follows from the rule?

1. Farrah is a regular visitor to the site.
2. Farrah had to sign the day book only if asked.
3. Farrah was required to sign the day book.
4. Farrah had no need to sign the day book.

Answer:

27. deductive-reasoning-s03-q07

If the delivery arrives before noon, the kitchen opens at one o'clock. The kitchen opened at one o'clock. What follows about the delivery?

1. It arrived before noon.
2. It arrived after noon.
3. It never arrived at all.
4. Its arrival time is not settled by these facts.

Answer:

28. deductive-reasoning-s03-q08

If a candidate scores above 70, they progress to interview. Bertrand scored 68. What follows?

1. The rule as given does not settle whether Bertrand progresses.
2. Bertrand progresses to interview.
3. Bertrand does not progress to interview.
4. Bertrand must resit the paper.

Answer:

29. deductive-reasoning-s03-q09

If the hall is booked, the caretaker unlocks the side door. The hall is booked on Wednesday and again on Friday. What follows?

1. The caretaker unlocks the side door on Wednesday only.
2. The caretaker unlocks the side door on both days.
3. The side door stays locked on Friday.
4. The hall cannot be booked twice in one week.

Answer:

30. deductive-reasoning-s03-q10

If a claim is submitted late, it is reviewed by the appeals panel. Every claim reviewed by the appeals panel is logged with a case number. One claim has no case number. What follows?

1. That claim was submitted late.
2. That claim was reviewed by the panel.
3. That claim was rejected.
4. That claim was not submitted late.

Answer:

31. deductive-reasoning-s04-q01

If the pipes freeze, the water pressure drops. The water pressure has dropped. Which conclusion is justified?

1. The pipes froze.
2. The pipes did not freeze.
3. The pipes may or may not have frozen.
4. The drop in pressure caused the pipes to freeze.

Answer:

32. deductive-reasoning-s04-q02

If Ines takes the early train, she arrives before the meeting starts. Ines did not take the early train. What follows?

1. She arrived after the meeting started.
2. She missed the meeting entirely.
3. She arrived before the meeting started.
4. Her arrival time is not determined.

Answer:

33. deductive-reasoning-s04-q03

"Whenever the printer jams, the job queue stalls. The job queue stalled, so the printer jammed." What is wrong with this reasoning?

1. Nothing. The reasoning is valid as it stands.
2. It assumes that the queue never stalls.
3. It treats one possible cause as the only cause.
4. It reads "whenever" as though it meant "sometimes".

Answer:

34. deductive-reasoning-s04-q04

"If a plant is a fern, it has no flowers. This plant is not a fern, so it has flowers." Which flaw does the argument contain?

1. It treats the stated condition as the only route to the result.
2. It reverses an otherwise correct backwards step.
3. It relies on an unstated numerical assumption.
4. It contains no flaw at all.

Answer:

35. deductive-reasoning-s04-q05

If the alarm is armed, the green light shows. The green light is not showing. Which conclusion is valid?

1. The alarm is armed.
2. The alarm was armed earlier in the day.
3. Nothing at all can be concluded.
4. The alarm is not armed.

Answer:

36. deductive-reasoning-s04-q06

Which pair of statements would let you conclude, with certainty, that the seminar was cancelled?

1. "If the seminar was cancelled, the room was empty" and "the room was empty".
2. "If fewer than five people enrolled, the seminar was cancelled" and "four people enrolled".
3. "If the seminar was cancelled, the fee was refunded" and "the fee was not refunded".
4. "If the seminar was cancelled, an email was sent" and "an email was sent".

Answer:

37. deductive-reasoning-s04-q07

If a lorry weighs over 3.5 tonnes, it must use the bypass. A lorry used the bypass this morning. What follows?

1. It weighs over 3.5 tonnes.
2. It weighs under 3.5 tonnes.
3. Its weight cannot be worked out from this.
4. It broke the rule.

Answer:

38. deductive-reasoning-s04-q08

"If the sensor is faulty, the reading drifts. The reading is steady." Which conclusion follows, and by which pattern?

1. The sensor is not faulty, by denying the stated result.
2. The sensor is faulty, by confirming the stated result.
3. Nothing follows, because a steady reading proves nothing.
4. The sensor is not faulty, by denying the stated condition.

Answer:

39. deductive-reasoning-s04-q09

"If the tide is out, the causeway is passable. The causeway is passable, so the tide is out." Suppose you then learn that the causeway is also passable at high tide whenever the barrier is lifted. What does this show?

1. The original conditional statement was false.
2. The conclusion does not follow, because the result can arise another way.
3. The reasoning was valid all along but rested on a false premise.
4. The tide must be out whenever the barrier is lifted.

Answer:

40. deductive-reasoning-s04-q10

A supervisor argues: "Every late delivery this month came from the northern depot, so any delivery from the northern depot this month was late." Which single fact would show that this reasoning is faulty?

1. A late delivery this month came from the southern depot.
2. The northern depot handled more deliveries than the southern one.
3. No delivery was late this month.
4. A northern-depot delivery this month arrived on time.

Answer:

41. deductive-reasoning-s05-q01

Either the meeting room is booked for training, or it is free for drop-in use. It is not booked for training. What follows?

1. It is free for drop-in use.
2. It is booked for training after all.
3. It is closed for the day.
4. Nothing follows about the room.

Answer:

42. deductive-reasoning-s05-q02

Either Rafi collected the keys or Suki did, and the statement allows that both may have done so. Rafi collected the keys. What follows about Suki?

1. Suki did not collect the keys.
2. Suki also collected the keys.
3. Suki collected them before Rafi did.
4. Whether Suki collected the keys is unsettled.

Answer:

43. deductive-reasoning-s05-q03

Exactly one of these two claims is true: "the parcel went by courier" and "the parcel went by post". The parcel went by post. What follows?

1. The parcel did not go by courier.
2. The parcel went by courier as well.
3. Both claims turn out to be false.
4. Nothing follows from this.

Answer:

44. deductive-reasoning-s05-q04

Neither the north gate nor the east gate is open before seven o'clock. It is half past six. What follows?

1. Only the north gate is shut.
2. Only the east gate is shut.
3. Both gates are shut.
4. At least one of the gates is open.

Answer:

45. deductive-reasoning-s05-q05

At least one of the following is true: the invoice was mislaid, or the supplier never sent it. The supplier's records prove that the invoice was sent. What follows?

1. The supplier sent the invoice twice.
2. The invoice was mislaid.
3. The invoice was never sent.
4. Nothing follows from this.

Answer:

46. deductive-reasoning-s05-q06

"Either the film starts at seven or it starts at eight." Which statement is a correct denial of this claim?

1. The film starts at seven.
2. The film starts at eight.
3. The film starts at seven and at eight.
4. The film starts at neither seven nor eight.

Answer:

47. deductive-reasoning-s05-q07

The missing folder is in the archive room, the storeroom, or the van, and nowhere else. It is not in the archive room, and it is not in the van. What follows?

1. It is in the storeroom.
2. It has been lost for good.
3. It could still be in the van.
4. Two of the three places need searching again.

Answer:

48. deductive-reasoning-s05-q08

Either the code is expired or the account is suspended, and possibly both. The account is not suspended. What follows?

1. The code is still valid.
2. Both conditions are false.
3. The code is expired.
4. Nothing follows, because "possibly both" makes it uncertain.

Answer:

49. deductive-reasoning-s05-q09

A rule states that a delegate may attend the workshop or the site tour, but not both. Yannick attended the site tour. What follows?

1. Yannick also attended the workshop.
2. Yannick did not attend the workshop.
3. Yannick broke the rule.
4. Yannick attended neither event.

Answer:

50. deductive-reasoning-s05-q10

Three statements are offered about the same survey: "either the survey closed early or fewer than fifty replies arrived", "the survey did not close early", and "sixty replies arrived". What does the combination show?

1. The survey closed early after all.
2. Exactly fifty replies arrived.
3. The first statement is confirmed by the third.
4. The three statements cannot all be true.

Answer:

51. deductive-reasoning-s06-q01

To hire a rowing boat at Elder Lake you must be over sixteen. Priti is nineteen. What follows?

1. Priti is entitled to hire a boat.
2. Priti meets the age requirement, but nothing more is settled.
3. Priti cannot hire a boat.
4. Age is the only requirement for hiring a boat.

Answer:

52. deductive-reasoning-s06-q02

A valid passport is necessary for boarding the ferry. Elspeth's passport expired last year. What follows?

1. Elspeth will board using a different document.
2. The passport requirement does not apply to this trip.
3. Elspeth cannot board the ferry.
4. Nothing follows about Elspeth.

Answer:

53. deductive-reasoning-s06-q03

A league states that scoring 40 points guarantees a place in the final. Which statement expresses this correctly?

1. Only teams with 40 points reach the final.
2. Reaching 40 points is sufficient for a place in the final.
3. Reaching 40 points is necessary for a place in the final.
4. Every team in the final scored exactly 40 points.

Answer:

54. deductive-reasoning-s06-q04

A notice reads: "You cannot enter the laboratory without a swipe card." What does the notice make the swipe card?

1. Sufficient for entry.
2. Both necessary and sufficient for entry.
3. Irrelevant to entry.
4. Necessary for entry.

Answer:

55. deductive-reasoning-s06-q05

Membership requires two things: a completed form and a paid fee. Nils has paid the fee but has not returned the form. What follows?

1. Nils is not yet a member.
2. Nils is already a member.
3. Nils only has to wait for processing.
4. The form becomes optional once the fee is paid.

Answer:

56. deductive-reasoning-s06-q06

Rain is enough on its own to cancel the village fete, and the fete was cancelled. What follows about the weather?

1. It rained.
2. It did not rain.
3. The weather is not settled by this.
4. The fete is never cancelled for any other reason.

Answer:

57. deductive-reasoning-s06-q07

For the alarm to sound, both the door sensor and the motion sensor must trigger. The alarm did not sound. What follows?

1. Both sensors failed to trigger.
2. At least one of the two sensors did not trigger.
3. The motion sensor triggered.
4. The door sensor triggered.

Answer:

58. deductive-reasoning-s06-q08

A grant is awarded only to applicants who live in the county. Tomasz lives in the county. What follows?

1. Tomasz will receive the grant.
2. Tomasz will not receive the grant.
3. Residence in the county is enough to qualify.
4. Tomasz meets one condition, but the award is not guaranteed.

Answer:

59. deductive-reasoning-s06-q09

Suppose reaching the pass mark is the only requirement for the certificate, and Beatriz reached the pass mark. What follows?

1. Beatriz qualifies for the certificate.
2. Beatriz still needs a second assessment.
3. The pass mark is merely necessary here.
4. Nothing follows about Beatriz.

Answer:

60. deductive-reasoning-s06-q10

A club states: "A recommendation from two members is necessary and sufficient for admission." Ivan has one recommendation. Which statement follows?

1. Ivan will be admitted.
2. Ivan may still be admitted on other grounds.
3. Ivan will not be admitted unless a second recommendation is obtained.
4. The rule tells us nothing about Ivan.

Answer:

61. deductive-reasoning-s07-q01

Only staff with a blue badge may open the stockroom. Marco opened the stockroom. What follows?

1. Every blue-badge holder opened the stockroom.
2. Marco may or may not hold a blue badge.
3. Marco holds a blue badge.
4. Marco is the only blue-badge holder.

Answer:

62. deductive-reasoning-s07-q02

"Only members may borrow equipment." Which statement means the same thing?

1. If someone borrows equipment, that person is a member.
2. If someone is a member, that person borrows equipment.
3. All members borrow equipment at some point.
4. Non-members borrow equipment less often than members.

Answer:

63. deductive-reasoning-s07-q03

The gate stays locked unless the warden is on site. The warden is not on site. What follows?

1. The gate is open.
2. The warden will arrive shortly.
3. The gate may be either open or locked.
4. The gate is locked.

Answer:

64. deductive-reasoning-s07-q04

The match will go ahead unless the pitch is waterlogged. The match did not go ahead. What follows?

1. The pitch was in good condition.
2. The pitch was waterlogged.
3. Nothing follows about the pitch.
4. The match was rescheduled for a later date.

Answer:

65. deductive-reasoning-s07-q05

Only completed applications are forwarded to the panel. One application was not forwarded to the panel. What follows?

1. That application was incomplete.
2. That application was complete.
3. Whether it was complete cannot be worked out.
4. The panel rejected that application.

Answer:

66. deductive-reasoning-s07-q06

A notice at an exhibition reads: "Every child must be accompanied by an adult." Which reading does the notice support?

1. Each child needs some adult present, not necessarily the same adult for all.
2. One particular adult must accompany all of the children.
3. Adults must outnumber children at the exhibition.
4. Children may enter alone provided an adult is somewhere nearby.

Answer:

67. deductive-reasoning-s07-q07

A report states: "Every reviewer read some chapter of the manuscript." Which conclusion is guaranteed?

1. There is one chapter that every reviewer read.
2. Every chapter was read by at least one reviewer.
3. Each reviewer read at least one chapter.
4. Every reviewer read the whole manuscript.

Answer:

68. deductive-reasoning-s07-q08

Only if the invoice is approved will the payment be released. The payment was released. What follows?

1. The invoice may not have been approved.
2. The invoice was rejected.
3. Nothing follows about the invoice.
4. The invoice was approved.

Answer:

69. deductive-reasoning-s07-q09

The library opens on a Sunday only when a volunteer is available. No volunteer was available last Sunday. What follows?

1. The library did not open last Sunday.
2. The library opened as usual last Sunday.
3. A volunteer was found later in the day.
4. Nothing follows about last Sunday.

Answer:

70. deductive-reasoning-s07-q10

Two notices are posted at a fair. The first reads "Only ticket holders may enter the marquee"; the second reads "Every ticket holder may enter the marquee". Nikolai is not a ticket holder. If both notices hold, what follows?

1. Nikolai may enter the marquee.
2. Nikolai may not enter the marquee.
3. Nikolai's entry depends on the second notice alone.
4. Nothing follows about Nikolai.

Answer:

71. deductive-reasoning-s08-q01

Aisha finished ahead of Bruno. Bruno finished ahead of Colette. Who finished last of the three?

1. Aisha
2. Colette
3. Bruno
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

72. deductive-reasoning-s08-q02

Box P is heavier than box Q. Box R is heavier than box Q. Which statement must be true?

1. P is heavier than R.
2. R is heavier than P.
3. P and R weigh the same.
4. Q is the lightest of the three.

Answer:

73. deductive-reasoning-s08-q03

The library is north of the market. The market is north of the station. Which of the three is furthest south?

1. The station
2. The market
3. The library
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

74. deductive-reasoning-s08-q04

Ravi is taller than Ola but shorter than Petra. Petra is shorter than Quinn. Who is the tallest of the four?

1. Ravi
2. Petra
3. Quinn
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

75. deductive-reasoning-s08-q05

Four shops sit in a row. The baker is immediately to the left of the florist, the florist is immediately to the left of the chemist, and the chemist is immediately to the left of the newsagent. Which shop is second from the right?

1. The florist
2. The chemist
3. The baker
4. The newsagent

Answer:

76. deductive-reasoning-s08-q06

Tam scored more than Ursula. Vik scored fewer than Ursula. Wen scored more than Tam. Which ordering, from highest to lowest, is certain?

1. Tam, Wen, Ursula, Vik
2. Wen, Ursula, Tam, Vik
3. Ursula, Wen, Tam, Vik
4. Wen, Tam, Ursula, Vik

Answer:

77. deductive-reasoning-s08-q07

The green folder is thicker than the red one. The blue folder is thicker than the grey one. The red folder is thicker than the grey one. Which comparison cannot be settled?

1. Green against grey
2. Green against blue
3. Red against grey
4. Blue against grey

Answer:

78. deductive-reasoning-s08-q08

Five parcels (black, green, red, white and yellow) are stacked one on top of another. The red parcel sits directly above the white one, the white parcel is at the bottom, the black parcel is at the top, and the green parcel is directly below the black one. Which parcel is in the middle of the stack?

1. Red
2. Green
3. Yellow
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

79. deductive-reasoning-s08-q09

Petra is older than Quill. Quill is older than Ruben. Ruben is older than Sami. Which statement must be false?

1. Sami is older than Petra.
2. Petra is older than Sami.
3. Quill is older than Sami.
4. Petra is older than Ruben.

Answer:

80. deductive-reasoning-s08-q10

Six books stand in a row, numbered one to six from the left. The atlas is somewhere to the left of the diary, the diary is somewhere to the left of the ledger, the ledger is in position five, the atlas is not in position one, and exactly one book stands between the atlas and the diary. Which position must the diary occupy?

1. Position two
2. Position three
3. Position five
4. Position four

Answer:

81. deductive-reasoning-s09-q01

Three colleagues (Hana, Idris and Jo) each take one of three roles at a meeting: notes, timing and welcome. Hana does not take notes. Idris takes timing. Which role does Hana take?

1. Notes
2. Welcome
3. Timing
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

82. deductive-reasoning-s09-q02

Three cups in a row hold tea, coffee and cocoa in some order. The cup on the left does not hold cocoa. The cup in the middle holds coffee. Which drink is in the cup on the right?

1. Tea
2. Coffee
3. Cocoa
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

83. deductive-reasoning-s09-q03

Four people (Kai, Lena, Mo and Nia) sit at desks numbered one to four in a row. Kai is at desk one. Mo is at desk three. Lena does not sit next to Kai. Which desk is Nia at?

1. Desk two
2. Desk three
3. Desk four
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

84. deductive-reasoning-s09-q04

Three friends (Omar, Pia and Quentin) each ordered a different main course: pie, curry and salad. Omar did not order the curry. Pia ordered neither the salad nor the pie. Who ordered the curry?

1. Omar
2. Quentin
3. Nobody ordered the curry.
4. Pia

Answer:

85. deductive-reasoning-s09-q05

Four students (Riya, Sol, Tam and Uma) each study a different subject: biology, chemistry, drama or economics. Riya studies drama. Tam studies chemistry. Sol studies neither biology nor chemistry. Which subject does Uma study?

1. Chemistry
2. Biology
3. Economics
4. Drama

Answer:

86. deductive-reasoning-s09-q06

Three parcels (a book, a lamp and a vase) are delivered on three different days: Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. The book does not arrive on Monday. The lamp arrives the day after the book. Which parcel arrives on Monday?

1. The book
2. The lamp
3. The vase
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

87. deductive-reasoning-s09-q07

Four families live in flats numbered one to four, left to right. The Ahmeds live at neither end. The Bakers live at flat four. The Chens live immediately to the left of the Ahmeds. The Dutts do not live at flat one. Which flat do the Dutts live in?

1. Flat one
2. Flat three
3. Flat two
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

88. deductive-reasoning-s09-q08

Three machines (a press, a lathe and a saw) were serviced one after another during a single morning. The saw was not serviced first. The press was serviced immediately before the saw. The lathe was not serviced last. Which machine was serviced last?

1. The press
2. The lathe
3. The saw
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

89. deductive-reasoning-s09-q09

Five colleagues (Vera, Wes, Xan, Yara and Zeb) stand in a single queue. Xan is at the front and Zeb is at the back. Vera stands directly in front of Wes. Yara is not directly behind Xan. Who is third in the queue?

1. Wes
2. Vera
3. Yara
4. It cannot be determined.

Answer:

90. deductive-reasoning-s09-q10

Three colleagues (Amara, Bo and Cleo) each chose a different city (Leeds, Malmö or Nantes) and a different travel month (April, May or June). Amara did not choose Leeds and does not travel in May. Whoever goes to Malmö travels in June. Bo travels in April. Cleo is not going to Nantes. Which city and month belong to Bo?

1. Leeds in April
2. Malmö in June
3. Leeds in May
4. Nantes in April

Answer:

91. deductive-reasoning-s10-q01

If the sensor trips, the shutter closes. If the shutter closes, the production line stops. The sensor tripped. What follows?

1. The production line stopped.
2. The shutter stayed open.
3. The production line kept running.
4. Nothing follows from these statements.

Answer:

92. deductive-reasoning-s10-q02

If a form is incomplete, it is returned. If a form is returned, the applicant is emailed. Sanjay was not emailed. What follows?

1. Sanjay's form was incomplete.
2. Sanjay's form was returned.
3. Sanjay's form was not incomplete.
4. Nothing follows about Sanjay's form.

Answer:

93. deductive-reasoning-s10-q03

If the grant is approved, the survey begins. If the survey begins, the report is due in autumn. The report is due in autumn. What follows?

1. The grant was approved.
2. The survey has begun.
3. The grant was refused.
4. Neither the grant decision nor the survey start is settled.

Answer:

94. deductive-reasoning-s10-q04

Consider this argument: "All winged creatures can swim. All penguins are winged creatures. Therefore all penguins can swim." Judging the reasoning alone, which assessment is correct?

1. The reasoning fails because the first statement is untrue.
2. The reasoning holds, even though one statement is untrue.
3. The reasoning holds and both statements are true.
4. The reasoning fails because penguins are birds.

Answer:

95. deductive-reasoning-s10-q05

An argument is found to have true premises and a false conclusion. What can be concluded about the argument itself?

1. It is invalid.
2. It is valid but unsound.
3. It is sound.
4. Nothing can be said about it.

Answer:

96. deductive-reasoning-s10-q06

If the tap is left running, the tank overflows. If the tank overflows, the floor is wet. The floor is dry. What follows?

1. The tank overflowed.
2. The tap was left running.
3. The floor was mopped earlier.
4. The tap was not left running.

Answer:

97. deductive-reasoning-s10-q07

You are told only this chain of rules: if A then B, if B then C, and if C then D. Which single statement follows from the chain alone, without any further facts?

1. If D then A.
2. A is true.
3. If not A then not D.
4. If A then D.

Answer:

98. deductive-reasoning-s10-q08

If the ferry is cancelled, the replacement coach runs. If the replacement coach runs, the car park fills by nine o'clock. The car park did not fill by nine o'clock. Which pair of conclusions follows?

1. The coach ran, and the ferry was cancelled.
2. The coach did not run, and the ferry was not cancelled.
3. The coach did not run, but the ferry may still have been cancelled.
4. Nothing follows without knowing the timetable.

Answer:

99. deductive-reasoning-s10-q09

Someone argues: "If the reading is above the threshold, the valve shuts. The valve shut. Therefore the reading was above the threshold." Suppose the reading really was above the threshold on this occasion. What does that show about the reasoning?

1. Nothing. A true conclusion can sit on top of faulty reasoning.
2. The reasoning must be valid after all.
3. One of the two premises must be false.
4. The argument is therefore sound.

Answer:

100. deductive-reasoning-s10-q10

Four facts hold in a workshop: if the kiln is on, the extractor runs; if the extractor runs, the side door is shut; if the side door is shut, the log sheet is signed; and the log sheet is not signed. What follows?

1. The extractor is running.
2. The side door is shut.
3. The kiln is not on.
4. Only the state of the extractor can be determined.

Answer: